20L Glass Reactor

The 20L glass reactor is a highly efficient and versatile laboratory equipment widely used in chemistry, biology, and pharmaceutical research. Constructed primarily of glass, it offers excellent visibility of the reaction process, enabling researchers to monitor the progress in real-time. The reactor features a sturdy frame and clamping system that ensures secure sealing and leak-free operation. The glass material is chemically inert, resisting corrosion from most acids and bases, making it suitable for a wide range of reactions. The reactor also comes with various accessories, such as stirrers, heaters, and thermometers, allowing precise control over reaction conditions.

The 20L glass reactor is a powerful and widely used laboratory equipment. In the process of purchase and use, it is necessary to fully consider the experimental demand, product quality and after-sales service and other factors to ensure the normal operation of the equipment and the accuracy of the experimental results.

With a capacity of 20 liters, the reactor can handle larger-scale experiments, making it an ideal choice for researchers who need to conduct experiments that require larger volumes. Additionally, its modular design allows for easy assembly and disassembly, facilitating cleaning and maintenance.

Overall, the 20L glass reactor is a reliable and efficient tool for conducting a variety of chemical reactions in a controlled and observable environment. Its versatility and ease of use make it a valuable addition to any research laboratory.

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Heating/cooling system

 

Interlayer

Located between the inside and outside of the reactor body, it is used to inject circulating hot solution or coolant to heat or cool the material in the reactor at constant temperature.

Circulation equipment

Circulation equipment that requires external heating or cooling, such as hot oil circulators, water circulation vacuum pumps, etc., to achieve constant temperature control of the reactor.

Temperature sensor

Such as PT100 platinum wire sensor, directly measure the temperature of the material in the reactor, and digitally display the temperature value to ensure the accuracy of temperature control.

 

 

Condensing system

01.

Condenser

Condenser: Usually adopts vertical high-efficiency double reflux condensing pipe, which is used to cool the steam generated by the reaction and condense it into liquid to return to the reactor or for recovery.

Condensing coil: Located above the reactor and connected to the condenser, it is used to bring steam into the condenser for cooling.

02.

Discharge system

Discharge port: Usually located at the bottom of the reactor, using a large diameter discharge valve to facilitate the release of solid and liquid materials.

Discharge valve: Glass + tetrafluoroidal material is usually used to ensure sealing and corrosion resistance.

The three-dimensional integration of graphene is the key to its application in functional 20L glass reactor. The traditional three-dimensional physical stacking method based on discrete graphene sheets faces problems such as interlayer heavy stacking, defect introduction, high contact resistance, and uncontrollable pore structure, making it difficult to effectively maintain the excellent intrinsic properties of two-dimensional graphene. Nanoporous graphene with a three-dimensional continuous configuration can effectively coordinate its structure and physical properties.

The general preparation method of three-dimensional continuous configuration nanoporous graphene is to use the nanoporous metal prepared by the dealloying method (that is, the selective corrosion of the alloy) as the catalyst and porous template, and use the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method to deposit the nanoporous metal on its three-dimensional inner surface. Two-dimensional graphene is uniformly grown, and then the nanoporous metal template is removed by acid etching to obtain a self-supported nanoporous graphene material. Although the nanoporous graphene obtained by this indirect method exhibits excellent physical and chemical properties, this method faces problems such as complex processes, high costs, and mechanical property degradation caused by macrocracks. The direct preparation of high-quality, large-sized nanoporous graphene has always faced challenges.

Recently, Professor Han Jiuhui of Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Professor Soo-Hyun Joo of Dankook University in South Korea, and Professor Hidemi Kato of Tohoku University in Japan collaborated to develop a direct synthesis technology of nanoporous graphene. Molten metal Bi is used to selectively etch amorphous metal carbides at high temperatures, driving carbon atoms to undergo unsteady self-assembly at the dynamic solid-melt interface, directly forming nanoporous graphite with large size, no crack defects, and high crystallinity. ene. The obtained three-dimensional continuous configuration nanoporous graphene has excellent electrical conductivity, mechanical strength and flexibility, and can be applied to the negative electrode of sodium ion batteries based on the ion-solvent co-intercalation reaction mechanism, showing excellent electrochemical performance.

The relevant research results were published in "Advanced Materials" under the title "Mechanically robust self-organized crack-free nanocellular graphene with outstanding electrochemical properties in sodium ion battery".

Figure 1. (a) Schematic diagram of the reaction of directly preparing nanoporous graphene by selectively etching amorphous Mn80C20 with molten metal Bi; (b,c) SEM images of nanoporous graphene prepared at 1000 °C; (d) Photograph of flexible nanoporous graphene film; (e) Raman spectrum of nanoporous graphene after direct preparation and heat treatment at 2500 °C.

Figure 2. The three-dimensional structure of nanoporous graphene analyzed using FIB three-dimensional reconstruction (black contrast is graphene, gray contrast is Bi filled in the nanopores)

The material preparation method used in this study-liquid metal dealloying (LMD)-uses a metal melt as a corrosion medium and utilizes the miscibility difference between the alloy components and the metal melt to achieve selective etching of the alloy. thereby driving the formation of nanoporous structures. Based on this principle, this study selected amorphous metal carbide Mn80C20 (at.%) as the precursor and metallic Bi melt as the corrosion medium. The use of amorphous precursors can effectively avoid the generation of a large number of macroscopic cracks due to uneven corrosion at grain boundaries. At high temperatures, Bi melt drives the selective dissolution of Mn atoms in amorphous Mn80C20, and the released activated carbon atoms undergo a dynamic self-assembly process similar to spinodal decomposition at the solid-melt interface, thereby constructing Three-dimensional interconnected nanoligaments and holes are formed to form a bicontinuous nanoporous structure (Figure 2a). This process enables one-step direct synthesis of nanoporous graphene. The obtained large-sized nanoporous graphene has a typical three-dimensional continuous configuration, high crystallinity, uniform structure (pore diameter about 100 nm), no crack defects, and flexibility (Figure 2b-e, Figure 3).

Figure 3. (a) Cross-sectional SEM image of nanoporous amorphous carbon prepared at 400 °C (the nanopores are filled with solidified Bi); (b) Cross-section of nanoporous graphene prepared at 1000 °C SEM image (nanopores are filled with solidified Bi); (c) SEM image of nanoporous amorphous carbon prepared at 400 °C after heat treatment at 1000 °C; (d) nanoporous amorphous carbon prepared at 400 °C after 1000 °C heat treatment. °C SEM images after molten Bi impregnation treatment; (e) Raman spectra of different samples.

The study found that different nanoporous carbon structures will be obtained at different temperatures: LMD at 400 °C produces nanoporous amorphous carbon with solid ligaments similar to nanoporous metals (Fig. 4a); LMD at 1000 °C Nanoporous graphene was obtained, and the ligament was composed of two-dimensional graphene and was in the shape of a hollow tube (Figure 4b). This result indicates that the formation of nanoporous graphene requires a higher LMD reaction temperature to drive the crystal growth of graphene. At the same time, the nanoporous amorphous carbon prepared at 400 °C remained amorphous carbon after further heat treatment at 1000 °C (Fig. 4c), and transformed into nanoporous graphite with a hollow ligament structure after impregnation with molten Bi at 1000 °C. graphene (Figure 4d), indicating that molten metal Bi acts as a catalyst to catalyze the growth of graphene during the LMD process. The experimentally measured activation energy of graphene growth in LMD is 93.1 kJ/mol, which is much lower than the activation energy of general thermally driven graphitization (215 kJ/mol). Therefore, the Bi-C interaction during the LMD process is beneficial to enhance the mobility of carbon atoms at the solid-melt interface and promote the low energy barrier nucleation growth of graphene.

This study develops a direct synthesis technology of three-dimensional continuous configuration of nanoporous graphene, which provides new ideas for the construction of carbon material superstructure and the development of dealloyed nanoporous materials. The developed large-size, high-conductivity, high-strength, and flexible nanoporous graphene materials are expected to be used in fields such as flexible batteries, touch sensors, nanoelectronics, and heterogeneous catalysis.

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