High Speed Centrifuge Machine
Description
Technical Parameters
High-speed centrifuges utilize the centrifugal force generated by high-speed rotation to separate the different components of a mixture by density, volume, or mass differences. The magnitude of the centrifugal force depends on the mass of the sample, the distance from the centrifuge tube to the rotor shaft, and the square of the rotational speed. The formula is expressed as F=m⋅r⋅ω², where F represents the centrifugal force, m is the mass of the sample, r is the distance from the centrifuge tube to the spindle, and ω is the angular speed of rotation.
During the high-speed rotation, the particles in the sample are subjected to different sizes of centrifugal force due to the density difference, thus realizing the separation. The particles with higher density are subjected to larger centrifugal force and will settle to the bottom rapidly; while the particles with smaller density are subjected to smaller centrifugal force and settle more slowly. By adjusting the rotation speed and time, the separation effect can be precisely controlled to meet the needs of different experiments and industrial production.
Development history of high speed centrifuge
In China, the research and development of centrifuges has also made remarkable achievements. 1958, China began the development of laboratory centrifuges, in 1975, the Chinese Academy of Sciences was the first to develop a successful domestic ultracentrifuge. After several generations of scientists' unremitting efforts, China in the field of laboratory centrifuges and ultra-high-speed centrifuges have comparable to the international first-class level of innovation, breaking the monopoly of foreign countries.
From the construction point of view, the high-speed centrifuge has experienced the evolution from hand-cranked motor to electric, and then to variable frequency and variable speed ultra-high-speed centrifuge. In terms of function, from the initial low-speed centrifuge to today's high-speed, high-efficiency, multi-functional high-speed centrifuge, the scope of its application is also expanding. Nowadays, high-speed centrifuges are widely used in many fields such as food, medicine, chemical industry, biotechnology, etc., and have become indispensable separation equipment in these fields.
In the development of high-speed centrifuges, people not only pay attention to its speed and separation efficiency, but also continue to explore and innovate centrifugal methods and technologies. For example, by adjusting the parameters of speed, time and temperature, it can meet the separation needs of different samples; adopting advanced control system and balance detection technology to ensure the stability and safety of the centrifuge in the process of high-speed operation; and introducing intelligent control system, which makes the operator only need to set simple settings to automatically complete the separation process, thus reducing the difficulty of operation.
Operation process of high speed centrifuge
The operating procedure of a high-speed centrifuge usually consists of the following steps:
● Sample preparation: Load the sample to be separated into a centrifuge tube, making sure that the volume of liquid is moderate (usually no more than 2/3 of the centrifuge tube). Check the seal of the centrifuge tube to avoid liquid leakage. The samples must be placed symmetrically, making sure that the weight of each pair of tubes is the same. If there is only one sample, an equal amount of water or other solution can be used as counterweight.
● Selection of rotor: Choose the appropriate rotor according to the experimental requirements. Fixed angle rotors are good for settling small particles and horizontal rotors are good for separating large particles. Make sure the rotor is properly installed and locked.
● Setting parameters: Set the appropriate speed, time and temperature through the digital control system (some high-speed centrifuges are equipped with freezing function). Select the separation conditions according to the sample characteristics. If the equipment is equipped with a freezing function, set the appropriate temperature (e.g. 4°C) to protect temperature-sensitive samples.
● Start the equipment: Make sure that the centrifuge lid is fully locked and start the equipment. Observe the equipment during operation to make sure it runs smoothly without abnormal noise or vibration. If there are any abnormalities, stop the machine immediately for inspection.
● Remove the sample: After centrifugation, wait for the rotor to come to a complete standstill before opening the lid. Remove the centrifuge tube carefully to avoid disturbing the separation layer of the sample. Clean the rotor and centrifugation chamber in time after use to prevent sample residue from contaminating the equipment.
High-speed centrifuges in biochemistry and biotechnology
In the field of biochemistry and biotechnology, high-speed centrifuges are key tools for separating biomolecules such as cells, subcellular organelles, proteins and nucleic acids. These biomolecules are the basis of life activities and are of great significance for understanding life phenomena and revealing the laws of life.
◆ Cell separation: High-speed centrifuges can be used to separate plasma, serum, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets and other components of whole blood. These components are widely used in medical research, clinical diagnosis and blood transfusion therapy. For example, by separating erythrocytes and plasma, erythrocyte suspensions and plasma products can be prepared for blood transfusion and treatment of various blood diseases.
◆ Separation of subcellular structures: Using high-speed centrifuges, cellular organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, etc. can be separated from cells. These organelles play an important role in cellular metabolism, signaling and other life activities. Through the study of their structure and function, we can gain a deeper understanding of the laws of cellular life activities.
◆ Protein separation: High-speed centrifuges play an important role in protein separation and purification. Through centrifugal separation, proteins can be extracted from complex mixtures for further purification and structural analysis. This is of great significance for studying the function of proteins and revealing the molecular mechanism of life activities.
◆ Nucleic acid separation: high-speed centrifuges can also be used to extract and purify DNA and RNA molecules. These nucleic acid molecules are carriers of genetic information, and play a key role in the study of gene expression, genetic variation and other life phenomena. Nucleic acid molecules obtained through centrifugal separation can be used in the fields of genetic diagnosis, molecular diagnosis and gene therapy.
Applications
High-speed centrifuges play an important role in many fields such as scientific research, medical diagnosis and industrial production. The following are its main application areas:
► Biochemistry and biotechnology: In the research of molecular biology and cell biology, high-speed centrifuge is a key tool for separating biomolecules such as cells, subcellular organelles, proteins and nucleic acids. For example, it can easily separate the various parts of a cell (e.g. nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles) or extract valuable proteins from cell cultures. The biomolecules obtained from these separations can be used for structural analysis, functional studies, as well as in areas such as genetic diagnosis and molecular diagnostics.
► Chemical laboratories: High-speed centrifuges are also indispensable in chemical analysis and synthesis. It can be used to separate compounds of different densities or to separate precipitates from solutions in reaction mixtures. This helps to improve the efficiency of chemical synthesis and analysis, and provides strong support for the work of chemists.
► Clinical diagnostics: In medical laboratories, high-speed centrifuges are responsible for separating blood components, such as plasma and blood cells, or pathogens in molecular diagnostics. These separated blood components or pathogens can be used for the determination of indicators such as blood glucose, cholesterol, enzymes, etc., providing key information for the diagnosis of diseases. In addition, high-speed centrifuges can be used for urinalysis, separating urine sediment to examine cells, crystals or pathogens in the urine.
► Pharmaceutical industry: In drug development and production, high-speed centrifuges are used to separate impurities from drugs, to improve purity, or to extract desired products from complex reaction mixtures. This helps to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines and increase productivity in the pharmaceutical industry.
► Food and beverage industry: High-speed centrifuges are also widely used in the food and beverage industry. For example, it can be used to separate fat and whey in dairy products or to extract concentrates from fruit juices. This helps to improve the quality and taste of food products and meet consumer demand for healthy, flavorful food.
In addition, high-speed centrifuges can be used to separate different types of mixtures such as nanomaterials, precipitates, and emulsions, as well as for water quality analysis, pollutant detection, and polymer material research. Its wide range of applications and efficient separation capacity make high-speed centrifuge an important tool in scientific research and industrial production.
The future development trend of high speed centrifuge
With the development of science and technology, high-speed centrifuges are developing in the direction of more efficient and smarter. The following are its main development trends:
► High-performance: Adoption of new materials and technologies to further increase the rotational speed and centrifugal force of the equipment to meet the needs of more complex separations. Optimize the motor and refrigeration system to reduce energy consumption and noise, and reduce the impact on the environment.
► Portability: Developing lightweight high-speed centrifuges that are suitable for on-site testing or portable experimental needs. This helps to broaden the application areas of high-speed centrifuges and increase their usefulness.
► Multifunctionalization: Equipped with a variety of rotor options to meet different samples and experimental needs. Meanwhile, temperature control, pressure control and other functions are added to improve the flexibility and applicability of the equipment.
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